{"id":13360,"date":"2024-06-29T01:44:39","date_gmt":"2024-06-29T01:44:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/haynesintl.com\/alloys\/soldadura-y-fabricacion\/heat-treatment\/"},"modified":"2025-02-25T13:27:36","modified_gmt":"2025-02-25T13:27:36","slug":"tratamiento-termico","status":"publish","type":"alloys","link":"https:\/\/haynesintl.com\/es\/alloys\/soldadura-y-fabricacion\/tratamiento-termico\/","title":{"rendered":"Tratamiento T\u00e9rmico"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Recommended Procedures and Temperatures <\/strong>Applicable to:<\/strong>
Corrosion-resistant Alloys<\/strong>
High-temperature Alloys<\/strong>
Wear & Corrosion-resistant Alloy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The heat treatment of the HAYNES\u00ae<\/sup> and HASTELLOY\u00ae<\/sup> alloys is a very important topic. In the production of these wrought materials, there are many hot- and cold-reduction steps, between which intermediate heat treatments are necessary, to restore the optimum properties, in particular ductility. In the case of the corrosion-resistant alloys, these intermediate heat treatments are generally solution-annealing treatments. In the case of the high-temperature alloys, this is not necessarily so.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once the materials have reached their final sizes, they are given a final anneal. This is usually a solution-anneal; however, a few high-temperature alloys (HTA) are final annealed at an adjusted temperature, to control grain size, or some other microstructural feature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsequent fabrication of these as-supplied materials can again involve hot- or cold-working, as discussed in the Hot-working and Cold-working sections of this guide. Again, working often involves steps, with intermediate annealing (normally solution-annealing for the CRA materials) treatments to restore ductility. Beyond that, fabricated components will require a final anneal (normally a solution-anneal for the CRA materials), to restore optimum properties prior to use, or (in the case of the age-hardenable alloys) to prepare them for age-hardening.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Applicable to:<\/strong>
Corrosion-resistant Alloys<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The compositions of the corrosion-resistant alloys (CRA) comprise a nickel base, substantial additions of chromium and\/or molybdenum (in some cases partially replaced by tungsten), small additions such as copper (to enhance resistance to certain media) and iron (to allow the use of less expensive raw materials), and minor additions such as aluminum and manganese, which help remove deleterious elements such as oxygen and sulfur, during melting. As-supplied, they generally exhibit single phase (face-centered cubic, or gamma) wrought microstructures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In most cases, the presence of a single phase microstructure in as-supplied (CRA) materials is due to a high temperature, solution-annealing treatment, followed by quenching (rapid cooling), to \u201clock-in\u201d the high-temperature structure. Left to cool slowly, most of these alloys would contain second phases (albeit in small amounts), commonly within the structural grain boundaries, as a result of the fact that the combined contents of the alloying additions exceed their solubility limits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is exacerbated by the fact that, despite sophisticated melting techniques and procedures, traces of unwanted elements (with very low solubility), such as carbon and silicon, can be present. Fortunately, solution-annealing, followed by quenching (by water or cold gas), solves this problem also.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The corrosion-resistant alloys are usually supplied in the solution-annealed condition, and their normal solution-annealing temperatures are given in the table below. They represent temperatures at which phases other than gamma (and, in rare cases, primary carbides and\/or nitrides) dissolve, yet provide grain sizes within the range known to impart good mechanical properties. Primary carbides and\/or nitrides are seen in C-4 alloy, due to the presence of titanium.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the case of the corrosion-resistant alloys (CRA), the terms solution-annealed and mill-annealed (MA) are generally synonymous; however, the temperatures used in continuous hydrogen-annealing furnaces (in sheet production) are adjusted to compensate for the line speeds (hence time at temperature).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Solution-annealing Temperatures of the Corrosion-resistant Alloys (CRA)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Alloy <\/th>\n \n Solution-annealing Temperature* <\/th>\n \n Type of Quench <\/th>\n <\/tr>\n
\n - <\/td>\n \n \u00b0F <\/td>\n \n \u00b0C <\/td>\n \n - <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
\n B-3\u00ae<\/sup> <\/td>\n \n 1950 <\/td>\n \n 1066 <\/td>\n \n WQ or RAC <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
\n C-4 <\/td>\n \n 1950 <\/td>\n \n 1066 <\/td>\n \n WQ or RAC <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
\n C-22\u00ae<\/sup> <\/td>\n \n 2050 <\/td>\n \n 1121 <\/td>\n \n WQ or RAC <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
\n C-22HS\u00ae<\/sup> <\/td>\n \n 1975 <\/td>\n \n 1079 <\/td>\n \n WQ or RAC <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
\n C-276 <\/td>\n \n 2050 <\/td>\n \n 1121 <\/td>\n \n WQ or RAC <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
\n C-2000\u00ae<\/sup> <\/td>\n \n 2100 <\/td>\n \n 1149 <\/td>\n \n WQ or RAC <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
\n G-30\u00ae<\/sup> <\/td>\n \n 2150 <\/td>\n \n 1177 <\/td>\n \n WQ or RAC <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
\n G-35\u00ae<\/sup> <\/td>\n \n 2050 <\/td>\n \n 1121 <\/td>\n \n WQ or RAC <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
\n HYBRID-BC1\u00ae<\/sup> <\/td>\n \n 2100 <\/td>\n \n 1149 <\/td>\n \n WQ or RAC <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/table>\n<\/div>